Prevention of the psychological consequences of trauma.

www.thelancet.com/psychiatry Vol 2 May 2015 367 Biomarker-guided treatment stratifi cation algorithms are also needed for patients with established illness. Compared with clinical high-risk populations, individuals with established psychotic disorders are much more readily available to participate in treatment studies; as a result, we have identifi ed medications, social skills, and cognitive training interventions with varying degrees of effi cacy in these patients. In fact, studies of therapeutics for patients with chronic illness might both address the need for improved therapeutics for those already with these disorders, and provide an opportunity to elaborate crucial brain biomarker– treatment associations that can bend the curve on the individual outcomes and societal eff ect of psychosis. In summary, Kantrowitz and colleagues show that early intervention in the disabling symptoms of psychotic illness is possible, though not necessarily easy. Further studies targeting persistent negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction are warranted not only in the prodrome but also in patients with established illness. Ideally, increased use of both neurophysiological and biochemical biomarkers might help either largerscale or higher-yield clinical trials for transformative therapeutics for psychosis.